Part II: Arecales to Ceratophyllales

COMMELINIDS

ARECALES Bromhead

Plant woody, unbranched, growth monopodial; vessels also in stem and leaf; cuticular waxes as aggregated rodlets, stomata tetracytic; leaves spiral,massive, vernation reduplicate-plicate, pinnately pseudocompound, petiolate, with closed sheath; flowers ± sessile; septal nectaries +; ovule 1/carpel, apotropous, sessile, attachment broad; seeds large [>1 cm long].

ARECACEAE Berchtold & J. Presl, nom. cons.//Palmae Jussieu, nom. cons. et nom. alt.   

Trees; stem woody, large, tough, unbranched, growth monopodial; leaves spiral, pinnately pseudocompound, petiolate, with closed sheath. Inflorescences axillary, large, with numerous  sessile flowers. Flowers 3 merous; staminodes and pistillodes present; stamens 6, basifixed; ovule 1/carpel; fruit drupe or dry berry; seeds large. Tropical. Flavonoid sulphates abundant.

visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/140231536@N03/albums/72157666527882065
ARECA L.,(Etymology: from the Malabar vernacular name, areek (betel nut palm)
Areca catechu L.,(a Tamil vernacular name, caycao or kaku or katti-shu, for the betel ) vakkalu,వక్కలు,  pokachekkaపోక చెక్క, pugamu పూగము(Cultivated for fruits, eaten with spices as pan) 
BORASSUS L.,(Etymology: from Linnaeus’ name for the spathe of the date palm, from the Greek “borassos”, word with which Pedanius Dioscorides was indicating the spathe where is enclosed the inflorescence of the Phoenix dactylifera;  
Borassus flabellifer L.,(carrier of fan, flabellum, refers to the shape of the leaf.) thaatichettu,తాటిచెట్టు,thadi, తాడి,  penti tadi-chettu,పెంటి తాడిచెట్టు (female tree),potu-tadi-chettu-పోతుతాడిచెట్టు(male plant),karathaalamu,కరతాళము, naamatody,నామ తాడి, trinarajamu, త్రినరజముఁ[a multipurpose tree; all parts are useful]]    

CALAMUS L.,(Etymology: for a reed (from Arabic, kalom) for the reed-like stems of rattan palms)

Calamus rotang L.,(an Indian vernacular name for a rattan vine)
pemu,పేము,prabbali, ప్రబ్బలి, bethamబెత్తము,betthapu chettu,బెత్తపుచెట్టు, niruprabba,నీరు ప్రభ, prabba ప్రబ్బ, sannabettamu,సన్నబెత్తము  vaethasamu వేతసము;[used to make household furniture, baskets etc]
Calamus viminalis Willd.,(with long slender shoots suitable for wicker or basketwork, of osiers, osier-like, with pliant twigs), papatige, పాపతీగ, amlavetasamu ఆమ్లవేతసము,  bettamu,బెత్తము , pepabettamuపీపాబెత్తము 

CARYOTA L.,(Etymology: a name used by Dioscorides for a date palm/ it is the Latin one, of Greek derivation, with which the fruit of the palm was designated.)

Caryota urens L.,(urens-stinging, refers to the irritant properties of the pulp of the fruit, due to the presence of oxalic acid.) kondajiluga,కొండజీలుగ, jeeluga chettuజీలుగచెట్టు,bakini,బకిని   chirugu chettu, చిరుగు చెట్టు,  gukatad గూకతాడి, jirugudu chettu జిరుగుడుచెట్టు , maareమారి, mardi,  tar-mardiతార్మార్ది , thirugu,తిరుగ  yaathrakathaari,యాత్ర కతారి, yadarikodari,యేదరి కోదరి [multipurpose tree] 

COCOS L.,(Etymology: from the Portuguese, coco, for bogeyman, the features of the end of the coconut’s shell)

Cocos nucifera L.,(nut bearing) kobbariకొబ్బరి, tenkayaటెంకాయ, kobbari bondaalu కొబ్బరి బొండాలు, errabondaalakobbari, ఎర్ర బోండాల కొబ్బరి ,  gujjunarikedamగుజ్జునారి  కేడము, laangali, లాంగాలి  mukkantipandu,ముక్కంటి పండు  narikelamu,  నారికేళము  trinaraajamu, త్రిణరాజము; [endosperm of fruit is edible,yields oil]  

DYPSIS Noronha ex Mart.,(Etymology: dipping(slender-stemmed palms)

Dypsis lutescens (Wendl.) Beentje & Dransf.,(turning yellow or yellowish)(cultivated as ornamental)

ELAEIS-(Etymology Olive (the fruit of the oil-palm, Elaeis guineensis, has assumed huge commercial importance, like the olive)

Elaeis guineensis Jacq.,(from W Africa (Guinea Coast)పామాయిల్చెట్టు  (Palm oil tree)[cultivated for oil yielding fruits]

PHOENIX L.,(Etymology: phoenician (who introduced the date palm to the Greeks)/ purple red- refers to the colour of fruit.)

Phoenix loureiroi Kunth,var. pendula,(for João de Loureiro (1715–96), Portuguese missionary in Cochin and China) kondayita,కొండ ఈత/కొండీత, advi eeta,అడవిఈత  chitti etha, చిట్టీత/ చిట్టి ఈత 
Phoenix pusilla Gaertn.,(weak, insignificant, minute, very small, slender,) chiruta-ita,చిరుత ఈతchitti-ita, చిట్టి ఈత, eechakoyya,ఈచ కొయ్య   chinnaicham చిన్నఈచం ,  icakoyyaఇచ్చ కొయ్య , sannaita సన్నీత
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.,(Wild) etha chettu,ఈతచెట్టు,peddaita,పెద్దఈత, chetteetha, చెట్టీత, indu,ఇందు  ishanchedi,ఈశంచేడి ;[fruits edible]
Phoenix paludosa ROXB.,(growing in boggy or marshy ground,) hintalamu,హింతాళము ,girakatadu,గిరిక తాడు  girukatali,గిరిక తాళి   kajjura ఖజ్జూరము ;
Phoenix dactylifera L.,(finger bearing) kharjuramu, ఖర్జూరము, muddakharjurapu, ముద్దఖర్జూరము,gajjuramu,గజ్జూరము, perita,పెరీత, simakharjuramuసీమఖర్జూరము (now cultivated in A.P. )

POALES Small

Mycorrhizae absent; vessel elements in roots often with simple perforation plates, vessels also in stem and leaf, also with simple perforation plates; SiO₂ epidermal; raphides 0; P = K + C; style well developed, stigmas small,endosperm nuclear, ; cotyledon hyperphyllar.
For images please visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/140231536@N03/albums/72157666496943885

TYPHACEAE Jussieu, nom. cons.

Marsh plants or aquatics ; leaves two-ranked; plant monoecious; inflorescences dense, complex, staminate and carpellate flowers in separate groups but on the same inflorescence, carpellate below the staminate; flowers very small , monosymmetric by reduction; P chaffy; nectary 0; staminate flowers: stamens 1-8;  carpellate flowers: G 1  style single, stigma rather elongated, on one side; ovule 1/carpel. Fruit achene. Flavonoids +; SiO₂ bodies 0; starch grains amylophilic. Tropical in distribution. 

TYPHA L.,(Etymology:a Greek name,  used by Theophrastus for various plants )

Typha australis K.Schum.& Thonner,(from Southern part)jammugaddi,జమ్ము గడ్డి,enugu jammu, ఏనుగుజమ్ము,  kandra కాండ్ర
 Typha domingensis Pers.,(from San Domingo, E Hispaniola, W Indies; from the Dominican Republic) jammu, జమ్ము, neeti jammu, నీటి జమ్ము, dubbujambu, దుబ్బు జమ్ము   [ a potential water weed, leaves once used to for thatching] 

ERIOCAULACEAE Martinov, nom. cons.

Plants rosette; monoecious; leaf sheath not distinct. Plants monoecious;  inflorescences “pipe-brush” like; receptacle flat,  scape spirally twisted and ridged; the base of the inflorescence is surrounded by a single closed leaf sheath; flowers small (less than 5mm), median sepal adaxial; petals scarious, sepals and petals persistent, aestivation open;  and inconspicuous corollas aggregated into dense heads. staminate flowers: (A dorsifixed) Stamens 4-6;  carpellate flowers: placentation axile; ovules 1/carpel, pendulous; staminodes 0. Fruit indehiscent. 

Aerenchyma is present in root cortex and leaf. Rodlets are present. 

ERIOCAULON L.,(Etyology: having Woolly-stem),

Eriocaulon odoratum Dalz.,(having pleasant smell)
Eriocaulon quinquangulare L.,(culms five angled)
Eriocaulon sollyanum Royle,(for Richard Horsman Solly (1778–1858), plant anatomist)
Eriocaulon minutum Hook.f.,(species smaller than other related species)
Eriocaulon ritchieanum Ruhland(Seshachalam Hills),
Eriocaulon truncatum Buch-Ham.,(blunt ended) 

CYPERACEAE Juss. nom.cons.

Herbs with solid, sharply three-angled stems and leaves with closed sheaths. Inflorescence units are spikelets or heads; flowers are reduced, usu. monosymmetric, aggregated into spikes and heads; perianth scarious, tepals variously reduced; flowers 3 merous, stamens connate, G [2] ovule 1 per flower; fruit an achene, (with bristles, etc.).

 Aurones, flavonoid sulphates, flavone C-glycosides, tricin, kestose and isokestose storage oligosaccharides [fructans] +; (velamen +); world wide in distribution.

ACTINOSCIRPUS (Ohwi) R. W. Haines & Lye,(Etymology: from Greek actino=ray +Scirpus 

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. & D.A.Simpson, (syn.  Schoenoplectus grossus(L.f.) Palla; Scirpus grossus L.f.); (grossus-large)   gundu-tunga-gaddiగుండు తుంగగడ్డి ;  

BOLBOSCHOENUS (Aschers.) Palla,[Etymology:Tuberous bulrush [Greek bolbos, a bulb, and schoenos, a rush, reed, in reference to the presence of corms]

Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G.Sm.,(bluish-green)
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla,(growing by sea-side) 
BULBOSTYLIS Kunth.,Bulbostyle [Etymology:Latin bulbus, bulb, and stylus, style]refers to style base is articulated to ovary summit and persists on fruit as button like tubercle]

Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke,(beardes, involucral bracts bearded) 
Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz.,(growing in large, dense clumps)
Bulbostylis subspinescens Clarke(sub-almost, inflorescence branches turn spinous)
CAREX L.,(Etymology:cutter (the sharp leaf margins of many)
Carex speciosa Kunth, (showy in some respect, particularly inflorescence)
Carex stramentitia Boott. ex Boeck., (staw-yellow coloured, glumes straw coloured) 

COURTOISINA Soják for Belgian botanist Richard Joseph Courtois (1806-1835).

Courtoisina cyperoides (Roxb.) Soják(resemble Cyperus)(Rare in Kurnool, Ananthapur, VSKP)

CYPERUS L.,(Etymology: Umbrella-sedge, flatsedge [Greek kupeiros, name for Eurasian Cyperus longus L. (for several species of sedges) 

Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.,(from Greek -oides, resembling. Similar to Alopecurus, usually in respect of the inflorescence(in Alopecurus the spicate inflorescence resembles fox tail) 
Cyperus alulatus Kern,(with little wings, rachilla winged) 
Cyperus alternifolius L.,(with alternating leaves)
Cyperus amabilis Vahl. (lovely, with attactive appearance)
Cyperus arenarius Retz.,( arena, sandy place; -aria, pertaining to. Of sandy habitats)
Cyperus articulatus L.,(jointed Jointed with spikelets readily articulating.)[used weave mats]
Cyperus bifax Clarke,(with 2 faces) 
Cyperus bulbosus Vahl,(culm base swollen into bulb)poora gaddi పూరగడ్డి
Cyperus castaneus Willd.,(chestnut-coloured, referring to the achene colour)
Cyperus clarkei T.Cooke, (for Charles Baron Clarke (1832-1906), British botanist , and Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens.)  
Cyperus compactus Retz.,(compact, inflorescence short and dense) 
Cyperus compressus L., (compressed refers to the spikelets)
Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.,(inflorescence a corymb) 
Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth,(glumes terminating with tail like recurved awn)
Cyperus difformis L.,(Inflorescences irregularly or unevenly or differently formed)
Cyperus diffusus Vahl, (widely spreading, inflorescence an open panicle) 
Cyperus digitatus Roxb., (inflorescence branches finger like)
Cyperus distans L.f.,(spikelets arranged laxly/distantly) 
Cyperus dubius Rottb.,(doubtful) 
Cyperus elatus L., (taller, culms taller than remaining species)
Cyperus esculentus L.,(edible, tubers edible) kshudra mushtiక్షుద్ర ముష్టి,sugandhi సుగంధి   
Cyperus exaltatus Retz., (lofty, culms tall)
Cyperus fuscus L., (fusca-dark, swarthy. Glumes or lemmas dark-brown)
Cyperus haspan L., 
Cyperus imbricatus Retz.,(imbricare, overlap like roof-tiles. The shorter branches bear densely overlapping spikelets)  
Cyperus iria L., 
Cyperus javanicus Houtt., (From Java)
Cyperus laevigatus L., (smooth and polished, the plant is hairless)
Cyperus leucocephalus Retz., (from Greek leuco-white, cephalo-head -white headed)
Cyperus longus L.(longus-long,culms longer)9used to weave floor mats]
Cyperus meeboldii Kuk.,( In honor of Alfred Karl Meebold (1863–1952) German botanist)
Cyperus michelianus subsp. pygmaeus (Rottb.) Asch. & Graebn.(In honor of Pier Antonio Micheli (1679–1737) Italian botanist; pygmaeus-dwarf)  
Cyperus niveus Retz.,(snowy, inflorescences white) 
Cyperus nutans Vahl,(nuto, nod. Inflorescence branches slender, bending under the weight of the spikelets) 
Cyperus pangorei Rottb., 
Cyperus paniceus (Rottb.) Boeckeler, (resembling Panicum)
Cyperus pilosus Vahl,(The whole plant or any of its organs invested with long spreading hairs)
Cyperus platyphyllus Roem.&Schult.,(leafblade broad and flat) 
Cyperus platystylis R.Br.,(styles broad) 
Cyperus procerus Rottb.,(culms tall) 
Cyperus rotundus L.,(round, tubers rounded) tunga-mustheluతుంగ ముస్తెలు, bhadra-tunga-muste,  భద్ర తుంగ ముస్తె gandala,గండల,  kaivartakamuste,కైవర్తకముస్తె, shakha-tunga-veru, shakhatungaveru,శాఖ తుంగ వేరు, [tubers are edible and medicinal]
Cyperus rubicundus Vahl,(rusty red.Leaf sheaths and  spikelets reddish) 
Cyperus scariosus R.BR.,(kolatungamustelu,కోలతుంగ ముస్తెలు  thunga gadda veru,  తుంగ గడ్డ వేరు 
Cyperus squarrosus L.,(of thin and membranous texture, but not green. In general of glumes or lemmas)
Cyperus stoloniferus Retz.,(plant with well developed underground stems/stolons)konda jatamaansi కొండ జటమాంసి 
Cyperus strigosus  L.,(covered with short, bristlelike hairs. One or more organs covered with bristle-like hairs)  
Cyperus tenuispica Steud.,(tenuis, narrow; spica, a point; hence, in particular, an ear or spike of grain. Inflorescence a narrow-lanceolate spike or panicle) 
Cyperus tuberosus Rottb.,(with tuberous stem)

ELEOCHARIS R. Brown,(Etymology: from Greek heleios- marsh dweller, and  charis- "grace- Marsh-favour)

Eleocharis  acutangula (Roxb.)Schult.,(sharp-angled-culms angled) 
Eleocharis  atropurpurea (Retz.)Presl.,(ater, dark; purpurea, purple or dull red.-leaf sheaths purple red) 
Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.,) (genus, knee; -ulus,diminutive. -ata, possessing. Plants with bent culms or awns)
Eleocharis swamyii Govind.,(in  honour of B.G.L.Swamy Indian Botanist)

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl,(Etymology:fimbriae, fringe, Fringe-styled)

Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl, (with sharp point)
Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl,(aestas, summer; -alis, pertaining to. Summer-flowering species)
Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl, (glumes with silvery indumentum/hairs)
Fimbristylis bis-umbellata (Forssk.) Bubani,(bis-twice, umbellate, with reference to inflorescences) 
Fimbristylis cinnamometorum (Vahl) Kunth (Seshachalam hils), 
Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, (complano, level.–Culms flattened. )
Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br.,(Umbels in cymes) 
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, (with divisions in pairs. –  Inflorescence branching dichotomously.)
Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.)Clarke (from Greek dipsas, thirst; -ea, possessed by. Growing in the spray of waterfalls or water scarce areas)

Fimbristylis eragrostis (Nees) Hance, (early invaders of arable lands) 
Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl) Kunth,(Sickle shaped, refers to recurved short leaves) 
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl,(rusty-brown, Glumes and/or lemmas invested in reddish-brown hairs)
Fimbristylis ferruginea subsp. sieberiana (Kunth) Lye, 
Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich.,(Plants growing near sea shores) 
Fimbristylis miliacea (L.)Vahl (resembling Milium)
Fimbristylis nutans (Retzius) Vahl,(nuto, nod. Inflorescence branches slender, bending under the weight of the spikelets)   
Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) J.Kern,(spikelets ovate) 
Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retzius) R. Brown,(with many hairs, leafblades remain as setaceous appendages of sheaths)  
Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth,(culms 5 angled) 
Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl,(Similar to Schoenus) 
Fimbristylis tenera Schult., (culms slender)
Fimbristylis tetragona R. Brown,(culms tetragonous) 

FUIRENA Rottb.,(Etymology:for G. Fuiren, Danish physician)

Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb., 
Fuirena umbellata Rottb., 
Fuirena uncinata (Willd.) Kunth,(uncinus, hook; -ata, possessing. awn hook like)

KYLLINGA Rottb.,(Etymology:  for Peter Kylling, seventeenth-century Danish apothecary and botanist)Greenhead sedge, spikesedge; 

Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.,(with short leaves) 
Kyllinga bulbosa P.Beauv., 
Kyllinga melanosperma Nees (seed dark coloured)

 Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R. Forster & G. Forster) Dandy ex Hutchinson & Dalziel,(nemus, wood; -alis, pertaining to. Woodland species)gandala గండల 
Kyllinga odorata Vahl, (with pleasing odour/fragrance)
Kyllinga tenuifolia Steud.,(with slender or narrow leaves)

LIPOCARPHA R.Br.,(Etymology: having Greasy-stems),

Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J.Kern, (from China)
Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. C. Tucker,(small flowered) 
Lipocarpha squarrosa (L.) Goetgheb.,(spreading at right angles from a common axis with reference to inflorescence )

PYCREUS P.Beauv.,

Pycreus diander (Torr.) C.B.Clarke,(di-two, andro- male, refers to 2 stamens in the flower)
Pycreus flavescens (flavesco, become yellow. spikelets turn yellowish) 
Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama,(spikelets pale yellow)
Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv.,(From Greek poly-many, stachys-spikes, refers to plants with many branched inflorescences) 
Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees, (dwarf)
Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees,(sanguineus, dull-red;-olentum, markedly developed. Culm bases, spikelets dull-red) 
Pycreus stramineus C.B.Clarke( straw-yellow.– Spike-lets and attendant structures straw-colored.)

REMIREA Aubl.,(Etymology:the genus probably for the parish (paroisse ) of Remire, then a smallvillage near the seashore close to Cayenne  Source: Mari Mutt (2017a:90). 

Remirea maritima Aubl.

RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl., (Etymology: spiny seeded)

Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton,

QUEENSLANDIELLA Domin, (Etymology:named after Queensland Australia)

Queenslandiella hyalina (Vahl) Ballard,(Greek-hyalos, glass; -ina, indicating resemblance.margins hyaline) 

SCHOENOPLECTUS (Reich.)Palla, (Etymology: Naked-stemmed bulrushes, scirpes, schoenoplecte [(Etymology:Greek schoinos, a rush, reed, and plectos, plaited, twisted, woven, in reference to the use of culms in making useful objects]
Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla,
Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla,

SCHOENOPLECTIELLA (Etymology: Resembling Schoenoplectus but smaller)

Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye,(resembling Juncus) 
Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye(prostrate. Strongly rhizomatous)

SCLERIA P. J. Bergius, (Etymology:hard (the hard-coated achenes)

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw.,(lithos-stone, sperma-seed ; refers to stone like hard seeds) 
Scleria corymbosa Roxb., 
Scleria oblata S.T.Blake ex J.Kern , 
Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett( terra, land; -estris, place of growth. Growing on dry land)

POACEAE Barnhart, nom. cons.//GRAMINEAE Jussieu, nom. cons. et nom. alt.   Leaves long, sheaths open and ligules at the sheath-lamina junction; often hollow stems/culms, basic unit is a spikelet in the inflorescences . Individual flowers are small, lacking an obvious perianth and with a gynoecium that usually has two plumose stigmas and a single ovule. In the dry, achenial fruit (often called a caryopsis), embryo large, lateral, lying next to the seed coat.
Reference for etymology: Etymological Dictionary of Grasses (1996).
For images please visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/140231536@N03/albums/72157664133510104

ACRACHNE Wight&Arn. ex Chi.,Apical chaff(Etymology:the racemes radiate more than the length of the axis bearing them)

Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem.&Schult.)Ohwi,(The spikelets are borne in racemes )

AELUROPUS Trin., (Etymology: with Creeping-stalk,  (stoloniferous culms)Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Thw.,(Greek lagos, hare; pous, foot; -oides, resembling. The inflorescence resembles a hare’s foot) Puvvu gaddi,పువ్వుగడ్డి  uppu gaddiఉప్పుగడ్డి  

ALLOTEROPSIS J.S.Presl ex C.B.Presl,(Etymology: Alien-looking,  (the irregular grouping of the spikelets)

Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf,(Latin. cimex, bug; -ina, indicating resemblance. Mature spikelets bear a fanciful resemblance to a small bug)

ANDROPOGON L.,Bearded-male,  (awned male spikelet)

Andropogon pumilus Roxb.,

APLUDA L.,(Etymology: chaff or bran The name was used by Pliny for a millet but may be a reference to the chaffy spathes left on the inflorescence after the spikelets have fallen 

Apluda mutica L.,(blunt. Lacking awns or lemmas and/or glumes truncate)

APOCOPIS Nees,(Etymology: apo-separate +copis-meat cleaver (refers to sessile spikelet is truncate)

Apocopis courtallumensis (Steud.)Henry,(Latin . -ensis, denoting origin. from Courtallum,కుర్తాళం  Madras State, India)(Godavari), 
Apocopis vaginata Hack.,(Latin vagina, sheath; -ata, possessing. – Leaf-sheaths conspicuous)

ARISTIDA L.,(Etymology: Beard, arista (the barley-like appearance due to conspicuous awns)

Aristida adscensionis L.,(From Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean) nalla putiki,నల్ల పుటికి,  poraka gaddi పొరక గడ్డి,  
Aristida funiculata Trin. &Rupr.,(funis, rope; -ula, diminutive;-ata, possessing. The twisted column of the awn resembles a rope)
Aristida hystrix L.f., (Greek hystrix, hedgehog. The long awned spikelets of the type species resemble a hedgehog) Dolluba gaddi,డొల్లుబ్బగడ్డి   chinna misaala gaddiచిన్న మీసాల గడ్డి 
Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr.,( changeable. –  Variable in accordance with the season or habitat.)
Aristida setacea Retz.,( seta, bristle; -acea, indicating resemblance. –  With bristle-like leaf-blades.) cheepuru gaddi,చీపురు గడ్డి, gaddi parakalu,గడ్డి పరకలు, poochika gaddiపూచిక గడ్డి, poochika parakalu పూచికపరకలు

ARTHRAXON P.Beauv.,with Jointed-stem

Arthraxon hispidus  (Thunb.)Makino, (Godavari, VSKP)(,bearing coarse stiff hairs.
Plant wholly or partly rough to the touch)Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst.,(refers to the lance shaped leaf blades) 
Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst. Var. echinatus(Nees)Hack.,Doongaddi,దో నగడ్డి,nagriనగరి 
Arthraxon lancefolius (Trin.)Hochst.,(leafblade lanceolate in outline)

ARUNDINELLA Raddi,Little Arundo (but may grow to 3.5 m)

Arundinella  benghalensis (Spr.)Druce,(VSKP), (From Bengal or Bangladesh)
Arundinella  ciliata (Roxb.)Nees ex Miq.,(Plant hairy overall or in part)
Arundinella pumila ( Hochst.) Steud.,(dwarf-Plants small compared with those of related species/ Habit typically depauperate) Nallamala, Godavari dist.,  
Arundinella purpurea Hochst. ex Steud.,(spikelets purple to reddish)(Rare in Nallamala), 
Arundinella setosa Trin.,(seta, bristle; -osa, abundance. –  Glumes and/or lemmas awned or attenuated.)Pathi oopagaddiపత్తి ఊప గడ్డి 
Arundinella setosa Trin. Var. lanifera Fischer, 
Arundinella nervosa (Roxb.) Nees ex Hook. & Arn.(Nerves, especially those of glumes, lemmas, culms or leaf-blades, conspicuous)(Seshachalam hills)

ARUNDO L.,the old Latin name, harundo, for a reed or cane, (h)arundo, (h)arundinis)

Arundo donax L.,(Greek donax, a type of reed in Classical literature, so called because the inflorescences move to and fro in the slightest breeze(refers to any reed like in habit)
 kaki veduruకాకి వెదురు, adavikikkasagadiఅడవికిక్కసగడ్డి ,  paatuveduru, పాటు వెదురు, peepaluపీపాలు 

AXONOPUS P.Beauv.,(Etymology:Axle-stalked, (the spicate racemes radiate around the upper part of the rachis)

Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv.,(Latin comprimo, squeeze together. –  Culms flattened)(Chittoor, E.Godavari)

BAMBUSA Schreber nom.cons,(Etymology:from the Malayan vernacular name, mambu)

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss,(resembling bamboo) veduruవెదురు, bongu veduru,  బొంగువెదురు, bongu,బొంగు  , kichakamu,కీచకము,  madusuveduru,ముడుసువెదురు , maskaramu,మస్కరము  moolkasha, mulla veduruముళ్లవెదురు, pentivedaru, పెంటి వెదురు , pottuvaeduruపొత్తువెదురు, trinadhvajamuతృణధ్వజము, vederuppuవెదురుప్పు;
Bambusa tulda Roxb.,(Bengali vernacular name of the species)
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.,(Common in wild or in cultivation)  golden bamboo, veduruవెదురు,[all species are used as timber and mainly for paper manufacture]

BOTHRIOCHLOA Kuntz.,(Etymology:From Greek bothrio- pitted +chloa-verdure
 (refers to the pitted lower glume of some species)

Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.Camus,(The lower glume has a deep pit in its lower surface)
 janu gaddi,జానుగడ్డి, torra gaddiతొర్రగడ్డి, genjulu garikaగెంజులుగరిక  

BRACHIARIA Grisebach,(Etymology: brachium, fore-arm; -aria, pertaining to. The inflorescence branches frequently resemble signal arms)

Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf,(Greek dis, twice; stachys, spike  Inflorescences with two branches or with regularly bifurcating branches) 

Brachiaria  eruciformis (J.E.Smith)Griseb;(Latin. eruca, caterpillar; forma, shape. Racemes bear a fanciful resemblance to caterpillars)domakalu gaddi దోమకాలుగడ్డి, 
Brachiaria kurtzii (Hook.f.)Camus,(In honor of Fritz (Federico) Kurtz (1854–1920) of America)
Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf,(blunt. Lacking awns or lemmas and/or glumes truncate) 
Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf,(ramus, branch; -osa, abundance. Inflorescences or culms much branched) anda korraఅండకొర్ర, eduru gaddiఎదురు గడ్డి ,[eaten as millet]
Brachiaria remota (Retz.) Haines,(distant,Spikelets widely separated. ) 
Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb.,(repo, crawl. Culms ascending from a creeping rhizome or runner)

CENCHRUS L.,(Etymology:Piercing-one, (the involucre of sharp, sterile spikelets create
burrs that attach to animal fur)

Cenchrus biflorus Roxb., (Florests 2 per spikelet)
Cenchrus ciliaris L.,kusaకుశ;(Glumes or lemmas ciliate on nerves or margins)
Cenchrus echinatus L.,(spiny. Inflorescencea very condensed panicle and the spikeletsor auxillary structures are awned the whole thereby resemble a hedgehog. ) 

Cenchrus setigerus Vahl,(bearing bristles with spikelets subtended by bristles.) Anjan gaddi అంజన్ గడ్డి 

CENTOTHECA Desv.,(Etymology: Prickly-sheath,  (reflexed bristles on the upper lemmas)

Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.,(Latin. lappa, burr; -acea, indicating resemblance. – Lemmas of the upper floret bearing reflexed bristles.)

CHIONACHNE R. Br.,(Etymology: chion-snow +achne-scale(the lower glume is hard and white/ the fertile lemma is white)

Chionachne koenigii (Spreng.) Thw.,(In honor of Johan Gerhard Koenig (1728–1784). missionary-surgeon and economic botanist in India) Darbhapathraka,దర్భపత్రక, Gella gaddiజెల్లగడ్డి   

CHLORIS Swartz,(Etymology:for the earth nymph, Chloris, pursued by Zephyr and changed into Flora, goddess of flowers)

Chloris barbata Sw.,(barba, beard; -ata, possessing. –  With hairs on the callus, glumes or lemma.)uppu gaddiఉప్పుగడ్డి; 
Chloris bournei Rang. & Tadul.,(In honor of Albert Gibbs Bourne (1859–1940) and his wife, collectors in India, Thailand and Myanmar)
Chloris gayana Kunth, (In honor of –  Claude Gay (1800–1873)French natural historian and writer )
Chloris montana Roxb.,(growing on mountains) 
Chloris roxburghiana Schult., (in honour of W.Roxburgh)
Chloris virgata Sw.(virga, broom; -ata, possessing. Inflorescence arms or culms held erect)

CHRYSOPOGON Trinius,(Etymology: Awns golden yellow)

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.)Trin.(acus, needle; -ulus, diminutive;-atus, possessing. –  Possessing spikelets with a needle-like callus),katle chettu,కట్లెచెట్టు, katle gaddiకట్లెగడ్డి ,   
Chrysopogon asper B.Heyne ex Blatt. & McCann,(rough. (Plants with rough pedicels or leaf-blades)  
Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf,(In honor of Pierre Martin René Aucher-Elroy (1792–1838) French botanist)
Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov.,(fulva-brown or deep yellow ;spikelets yellow) Pedda paala bogaray gaddi,పెద్దపాలబోగారేగడ్డి,  nakka barogantaనక్క బారోగంత  
Chrysopogon lancearius (Hook.f.) Haines (leafblades lanceolate)(Godavari), 
Chrysopogon orientalis (Desv.) A.Camus,(oriens, the east; -alis, pertaining to. –  From the eastern Mediterranean through to Turkey. )
Chrysopogon polyphyllus (Hack. ex Hook.f.)Blatt &McCann,(culms with many leaves compared to other species) 
Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin.,(serra, saw; -ula, diminutive; -ata, possessing. – Margin of leaf-blade bearing short, stiff hairs.)(E.Godavari), 
Chrysopogon velutinus (Hook.f)Bor.,(auricles densely hairy) 
Chrysopogon verticillatus (Roxb.)Trin. ex Steud.,(verticillus-whorl; -ata, possessing. Primary inflorescence branches whorled)
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty,(Resembling Zizania(a weed in Wheat)
 vatti-veru,వట్టి వేరు, avvuru-gaddi-veru అవ్వూరు గడ్డి వేరు, kuruvaeru,కురువేరు  lamajjakamu-veru,లమజ్జకము వేరు,  vidavali-veruవిడవలి-వేరు  

COELACHNE R.Br.,(Etymology: coelo-hollow+achne- scaled (subtending glumes are firm and basin shaped)

Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight &Arn. ex Steud.)Munro ex Benth.,(simpler)(Only in VSKP)

COELACHYRUM Hochst. & Nees,(Etymology: Hollow-chaff,  (the hollowed shape of the grain)

Coelachyrum lagopoides (Burm.f.) Senaratna,(Greek lagos, hare; pous, foot; -oides, resembling. The inflorescence resembles a hare’s foot)

COIX L.,(Etymology: the ancient Greek name,  for Job’s tears grass)

Coix aquatica Roxb.,(Kurnool),(growing in or close to water) 
Coix lacryma-jobi L.,(Latin lacryma,tear-drop; jobi, of Job a Biblical character who experienced much suffering. The bead-like bract surrounding the base of each inflorescence unit resembles a teardrop)gorivindlu,గొరివిండ్లు,  gorivipusa గొఱివిపూస (Godavari, VSKP)

CYMBOPOGON Sprengel,(Etymology: from Greek kymbe, boat; pogon, beard.In most species, the hairy spikelets project from boat-shaped spathes)

Cymbopogon caesius (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) Stapf,(Plant in whole or in part bluish-grey) adavi nimma gaddi అడవి నిమ్మ గడ్డి , kaasi gaddi కాశీగడ్డి, kamanchi-gaddi కామంచి గడ్డి, 

Cymbopogon citratus (Hook.f.)Stapf,(plant lemon scented) nimmagaddi నిమ్మ గడ్డి ,chippagaddi,చిప్పగడ్డి, vaasana gaddi వాసన గడ్డి, 

Cymbopogon coloratus (Hook.f.) Stapf,(lemmas unusually coloured) boda gaddi బోదగడ్డి;  

Cymbopogon flexuousus (Nees ex Steud)Stapf, (Latin flecto, bend; -osa, abundance. Refers to inflorescence branches lax and drooping or bent in a zigzag fashion.)

Cymbopogon gidarba (Ham. ex Steud.)Haines,(Origin uncertain, not given by the author but probably a vernacular name)  

Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult.,

Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson,(In honor of –  Claude Martin(1731–1800) French-born British soldier who collected in India.) kamachi-kassuvu కామంచి కసువు, kachi gaddi కాచిగడ్డి, kanchi కంచి, kashy gaddiకాశీగడ్డి, nimma gaddiనిమ్మ గడ్డి,  
Cymbopogon nardus (L.)Rendle,(Scented as with nard, aromatic like Nardus)
allapu kommu అల్లపు కొమ్ము గడ్డి,  vellavanti gadda వేళ్లవంటిగడ్డి, kaamaakshikasavu,కామాక్షి కసువు kaamanchi gaddiకామంచి గడ్డి, allupu bodha gaddi,అల్లుపుబోద గడ్డి  kamakshi-kasuvu-nuneకామాక్షి కసువునూనె , kamanchi-gaddinune kommu కామంచి గడ్డి నూనె కొమ్ము (Cultivated);
Cymbopogon schoenanthus(L.)Spreng,(Plants with the habit of Schoenanthus)
 chippa-gaddi-nuneచిప్పగడ్డినూనె, nimma-gaddi-nuneనిమ్మ గడ్డి నూనె

CYNODON Richard,(Etymology:Dog-tooth,  (the form of the spikelets)/Greek kyon, dog; odous, tooth. From chiendent the French name for the commonest species)

Cynodon barberi Rang.&Tad.,(In honor of Charles Alfred Barber (1860–1933) South African-born English botanist)  
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon,(Inflorescence of finger like racemes)  garika gaddi, గరికగడ్డి,   haraili,హరియాలి  thella garikiతెల్ల గరిక,durvaramu దుర్వారము, bharghavi భార్గవి   

CYRTOCOCCUM Stapf,(Etymology: Greek kyrtos, bent; kokkos, kernel. The mature spikelet is asymmetric in outline) 

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Hochst. ex Steud.) Stapf,(from Greek oxy-sharp phyllum-leaved) 
Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.)Camus,(with 3 angles (refers to the culm)

DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.,(Etymology: Greek daktylos, finger; ktenion,a little comb. The finger-like inflorescence branches resemble small combs)

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.,(from Aegyptus, now Egypt) nela raagiనేలరాగి, muttengapillu,ముట్టెంగపిల్లు 
DENDROCALAMUS Nees(Etymology: from Greek dendron, tree; kalamos, reed. Culms tall and woody)

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.)Nees,(erect; inflorescence branches stiff and erect)
saadanapuvedaru,సాదనపువెదురు, chittiveduru,చిట్టి వెదురు, gattiveduru, గట్టివెదురు  kanakaveduru, కనక వెదురు, potuveduru,పోటువెదురు  raartiveduru, రాతి వెదురు  sannaveduru,సన్న వెదురు, veduruవెదురు 

DESMOSTACHYA Stapf,(Etymology:from Greek desmos, anything used for tying; stachys, spike as of an ear of wheat.The stems and inflorescences are used for string in North Africa and the Middle East)

Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf, (twice pinnate, Inflorescence of sessile spikelets on short lateral shoots arising from a central axis. )darbha gaddi,దర్భగడ్డి,aswalayana అశ్వలాయన, durpa దుర్ప,kushadarbha కుశ దర్భ ,

DICHANTHIUM Willemet,(Etymology: from Greek dicha, in two; anthos, flower. Inflorescence with two kinds of spikelet, hermaphrodite and male or neuter)

Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf,(possesing a ring-the pedicels with a glandular ring) 
Dichanthium  aristatum (Poir.) C.E.Hubb., (L. arista, bristle; -ata, possessing. – The apices of lemmas, paleas or glumes drawn out into a distinct awn.)
Dichanthium  caricosum (L.)Camus, 
Dichanthium foveolatum (Delile) Roberty,(Latin fovea, pit; -olus, minute. -atum, possessing. Lower glume has a conspicuous circular depression) karigaddi కరిగడ్డి   
Dichanthium glabrum (Roxb.)Jain, (smooth, leaf blades lack hairs)
Dichanthium pseudoischaemum (Nees ex Steud.)Jain,

DIGITARIA Haller,(Etymology: Fingered, digitus, digiti (with radiating spikes)

Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp, (abludo, be unlike. Differing markedly from related species)
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.,(bi-two, cornus-horns,spikelets paired) 
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, 
Digitaria  longiflora(Retz.) Pers.,(glumes lemmas ciliate on margins and nerves)  
Digitaria stricta Roth ex Roem. & Schult., (Rare), 
Digitaria tomentosa (Willd.)Henry,

DINEBRA Jacq.,(Etymology: from Arabic danaiba -a little tail, refers to the apices of the  glumes are prolonged)

Dinebra retroflexa(Vahl) Panz.,(retro, backwards; flexus,bend. Inflorescence branches or leafblades reflexed)

DIMERIA R.Br.,(Etymology: double parts racemes occurs in pairs

Dimeria lehmannii (Steud.)Hack.,(In honor of Friedrich Karl Lehmann(1850–1903) who collected in South America)(Seshachalam hills)

ECHINOCHLOA P. Beauv.,(Etymology: Hedgehog-grass, (the awns of the scabrid spikelets)

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link,(cultivated as a cereal) othagaddi ఊతగడ్డి  
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.,(crus, foot; gallus, cock. Inflorescence resembles a cock’s foot) pedda windu, పెద్ద విందు  
Echinochloa frumentacea Link,(frumentum,  grain; -acea, resembling. Species serving as cereals or suspected of being suitable as cereals) oodarlu ఊదర్లు, (edible)   
Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) Beauv.,(stagnum, pool; -ina, indicating possession. Aquatic species) bontha oddu,బొంత ఒద్దు  pedda oodaపెద్ద ఊద 

ELEUSINE Gaertn.,(Etymology: from the Ancient Greek town Eleusis, where the goddess of harvest was worshipped )

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., (Sinhalese kurakkan, porridge. The grains are ground and used for flour) raagulu,రాగులు, chollu,చోళ్ళు, peddaraagulu,పెద్ద రాగులు,  sodiసోడి, tamidalu,  తమిదలు thaviddu తైదలు/తవిదలు(millet, edible)

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., (from India) kaaruchodi,  కారుచోడి kurorకుర్రో 

ENNEAPOGON Desv. ex P.Beauv.,(Etymology: nine bearded(the lemmas are divided into nine awns)

Enneapogon persicus Boiss.,(from Persia)

ENTEROPOGON Nees,(Etymology: Intestine-bearded,  (the long curved spikes)

Enteropogon dolichostachyus (Lag.) Keng,(Greek dolichos, long; stachys, spike as of an ear of wheat. Spikelets terete) kanthari gaddi కన్తరిగడ్డి  

ERAGROSTIELLA Bor.,(Etymology:small love-grass)

Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor,(Panicle branches in paired fascicles)
Eragrostiella brachyphylla(Stapf)Bor, (brachy-short, with short leaf blades) 

ERAGROSTIS Wolf,(Etymology: Several meanings have been proposed, of which three follow. – (1) Greek eros, loving, together with Agrostis the Greek name of an indeterminate herb(Love-grass). – (2) Greek er, early. agrostris, wild. Species of Eragrostis are commonly early invaders of arable land).

Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn.,(Greek lovely. Of attractive appearance)
Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees,(rough. Plants with rough pedicels or leaf-blades)
Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud.,(ater, dark; virens, green. glumes greenish-black)
Eragrostis  cilianensis (Ali.) Vign.,(From Cigliano, Italy) 
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.)R.Br.,
Eragrostis ciliata(Roxb.) Nees,(plants hairy over all)  
Eragrostis coarctata Stapf,(coarcto, compress. –  Culms compressed. )
Eragrostis deccanensis Bor.,(from Deccan region of India)
 Eragrostis diarrhena (Schult.) Steud.,(Greek dis, twice; arrhen, male. The florets have two stamens)
Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.)Steud.,(from Ganges river area)
Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.)Trin.,(from Japan)
Eragrostis minor Host,
Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steudel,(black; Involucral bristles dark reddish-brown)
Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. uranki gaddi,(nuto, nod. Inflorescence branches slender, bending under the weight of the spikelets) వూరంకి గడ్డి 
Eragrostis  papposa(Roem. & Schult.,) Steud.,(From Paposa, Chile) 
Eragrostis patula (Kunth) Steud.,(outspread. Inflorescence an open panicle)
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.,(pilus, a hair; -osa, abundance. The whole plant or any of its organs invested with long spreading hairs)
Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Nees,(ripa, river bank; -aria, pertaining to. Growing on river banks)
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.,(slender. Culms or inflorescence branches slender) chinna garika gaddi చిన్నగరికగడ్డి
Eragrostis  tremula (Hochst.) Steud.,(Inflorescence subject to movement in a slight breeze)
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.,(With spikelets resembling those of Uniola)
vudara gaddi ఊదరగడ్డి,
Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin.,(sticky. Panicle-branches or foliage sticky)
బంక గడ్డి banka gaddi, 
EREMOPOGON Stapf,(Etymology: Solitary-bearded,  (Spikelets with a single conspicuous

awn)

Eremopogon foveolatus (Del.) Stapf,

ERIOCHLOA Kunth,(Etymology:Woolly-grass(spikelets wooly)

Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb.,

EULALIA Kunth,(Etymology: named after Eulalie Delile 1825-1840 French artist and illustrator of Kunth's Revesion des Graminees.)

Eulalia phaeothrix (Hackel) Kuntze,(Greek phaeos, grey; thrix, hair. Spikelets invested with grey hairs) Parai gaddi పరాయి గడ్డి
Eulalia trispicata (Schult.)Henry(Nallamal hills)

EULALIOPSIS Honda- (Etymology:resembling Eulalia)

Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.)C.E.Hubb., balvajaబల్వాజ (Rare in Godavari, VSKP, Srikakulam)

GARNOTIA Brongn.,(Etymology: For the French naturalist Prosper Garnot 1794-1818)

Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Miq.) Janowski,

HACKELOCHLOA O.Ktze.,Hackel’s-grass, (Etymology: For Eduard Hackel (1850–1926), Austrian grass taxonomist)

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O. Ktze., (granum, grain; -aris, pertaining to. – Segments of the inflorescence resemble beads) nali poonukuనాళిపూనుకు, Guru singu gaddi, గురుసింగుగడ్డి, kuru jedanai gaddiకూరు జెడనై గడ్డి 

HEMARTHRIA R.Br.,Half-joined, (Etymology: from Greek hemi-, half; arthron, segment. The spikelets are sessile and embedded in the inflorescence axis which readily disarticulates into segments at maturity

Hemarthria compressa (L.f) R.Br.,

HETEROPOGON Pers.,(Etymology: Varying-beard, (The lemma of the hermaphrodite floret has a well developed awn in contrast to the setae developed on the awns of the male florets)

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.,( twisted. Awns hygroscopic
and so twisted when dry) yeddi gaddiయెడ్డిగడ్డి, kaseri gaddi,కసేరిగడ్డి   

HYGRORYZA Nees,(Etymology: A swamp grass similar to Oryza but floating instead of rooted)

Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees,(arista, bristle; -ata, possessing. – The apices of lemmas, paleas or glumes drawn out into a distinct awn.) erra changala gaddiఎర్ర చంగల గడ్డి 
HYMENACHNE P.Beauv.,membranous scaled(the glumes are membranous)

Hymenachne pseudointerrupta C.Muell.,

ICHNANTHUS P.Beauv.,(Etymology: From Greek  ichnos, vestige; anthos, flower. Lower floret of spikelet incomplete)

Ichnanthus  vicinus (Bailey)Merr.,(near (common on forest tracks)

IMPERATA Cynillo,(Etymology: for Ferrante Imperato (1550–1625), Italian botanist of Naples, author of Del l’historia naturale (1599)

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., (inflorescence cylindical in shape)
balbajamu,బలబాజము, barhissu,బర్హిసు dharba, dharba gaddi,దర్భ /దర్భ గడ్డి  modavagaddi, మోదవగడ్డి 

ISACHNE R.Br.,(Etymology: Equal-scales,  (the lemmas in some are identical)

Isachne globosa (Thunb.)O.Ktze.,(globus, sphere; -osa, abundance. – Spikelets spherical)
Isachne pulchella Roth ex Roem. & Schult.,(pretty. Attractive in some respect, usually the inflorescence)(Godavari, VSKP)

ISCHAEMUM L.,(Etymology: Blood-stopper, (a name in Pliny for its styptic property)

Ischaemum  indicum (Houtt.)Merr.,erra thota gaddiయెర్ర తోట గడ్డి   
Ischaemum  pilosum (Klein ex Willd.)Wight, kundara nattu కుందరనత్తు 
Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.,(ruga, wrinkle; -osa, abundance. Usually with sculptured glumes)

ISEILEMA Hack.,(Etymology: from Greek isos, equal; eilema, covering.Equal-covers
The involucral male spikelets surround and so protect the central hermaphrodite spikelet)

Iseilema anthephoroides Hack., (Similar to Anthephora)
Iseilema laxum Hack.,(inflorescence a open panicle)yerra chengali gaddi ఎర్ర చెంగలి గడ్డి  
Iseilema venkateswarluii Satyavathi, (Endemic)

LEERSIA Solander ex Swartz nom.cons.,(Etymology: for Johann Daniel Leers (1727–74), German botanist)

Leersia hexandra Sw.,(with six stamens)
LEPTOCHLOA P.Beauv.,(Etymology: Slender grass(from Greek leptos, narrow; chloa, grass.
Inflorescence a slender spike)

Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees,(belonging to China) 
Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth,(glumes dark brown coloured)mandi gaddi మందిగడ్డి 
Leptochloa neesii (Thwaites) Benth., (In honor of Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (1766–1858) German botanist) 
Leptochloa  panicea (Retz.) Ohwi,(resembling Panicum)

LOPHOPOGON Hack.,(Etymology: from Greek lophos-crest, pogon-beard crested beard(Upper glume awned and hairy at its apex)

Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack.,(having 3 teeth (One or both glumes three-toothed)

MANISURIS L.,(Etymology: From Greek manos=loose, flaccid and oura=a tail (refers to the appearance of the spikes resembling a string of minute beads.)

Manisuris myurus L.,(Greek mys, mouse; oura, tail. Inflorescence a spike-like long panicle) nalla punuku నల్లపునుకు 

MELANOCENCHRIS Nees,(Etymology: from Greek melas, black. The glumes and lemma have scabrid purplish awns and the mature spikelets resemble the burr of Cenchrus (having dark coloured piercing awns)

Melanocenchris jacquemontii Jaub. & Spach,(In honor of Victor Jacquemont (1801–1832) French naturalist and traveller)
Melanocenchris monoica (Rottl.)Fischer,(from Greek monos, one; oikos, house. Florets hermophrodite)

MELINIS Zizka,(Etymology: Ashen-looking, (leaves are sticky haired)

Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka,(repo-crawl, rhizomes well developed)

MICROCHLOA R.Br.,(Etymology: From Greek micros-small, chloa- grass)

Microchloa kunthii Desv.,(In honor of Karl Sigismund Kunth (1788–1850) German botanist)

MICROSTEGIUM Nees,with small bract/glume

Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.)Camus,

MNESITHEA Kunth(Etymology: In honour of Mnesitheos, 4th Century Greek physician and writer on edible plants)  

Mnesithea grannularis(L.)Koneing &Sosef, (segments of inflorescence resemble beads)
Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth,(smooth. Lacking hairs or roughness, usually of leaf-blades or lemmas)penukuపెనుకు 

MYRIOSTACHYA (Benth.)Hook.f.,(Etymology: from Greek myrios, countless; stachys, spike as of an ear of wheat. Inflorescence of many racemes)

Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f.,(In honor of Robert Wight (1796–1872)
Scots-born physician and sometime Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Madras) kikkisa కిక్కిస 

OPHIUROS Gaertn. (Etymology: from Greek ophis, snake; oura, tail. The inflorescence is a cylindrical spike)
Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) Kuntze,(lofty, culms tall)

OPLISMENUS P.Beauv.,(Etymology: Armoured, (glumes and sterile lemmas armoured with awns)

Oplismenus  burmanii (Retz.) Beauv.,(In honor of Nicolaus Lorenz Burmann (1734–1793) Dutch botanist) kodijuttu gaddi,కోడిజుట్టు గడ్డి  konda anthrikagaddi కొండ అంత్రిక గడ్డి 
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.,(compono, bring together. Inflorescence with many short branches)konda gaddi కొండ గడ్డి 

OROPETIUM Trin.,(Etymology: from Greek oros-Mountain-peta- seek or retiring, (growing in small soil-pockets on rocks and high mountains)

Oropetium  roxburghianum (Steud.)S.M.Philips(In honor of John Roxburgh(1770s–1820s) sometime Overseer, Botanic Garden, Calcutta)(Very rare), 
Oropetium thomaeum(L.f.) Trin.,(from Mt St. Thomae near Tranquebar, India)

ORYZA L.,(Etymology: from the Arabic name, eruz/(2)Classical Greek name for rice)

Oryza  meyeriana (Zollin. &Mor.) Baill, (for Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer (1791–1858) German botanist who collected in South Africa.) 
Oryza  officinalis Wall ex  Watt.(used medicinally)(Restricted to Gundla Brahmeswaram),, 
Oryza  rufipogon Griff.,(rufus, reddish;  pogon, beard. Awns reddish-brown)
nalla vadlu/yerra biyyamనల్ల వడ్లు /యెర్ర బియ్యం ,
Oryza sativa L., (cultivated crop species)vari,వరి, vadlu, వడ్లు, biyyamబియ్యం, dhanyamuధాన్యము ,  errajilama vadluఎర్ర జిలమవడ్లు ,  mattakaaraluమట్టకారలు, nevaridhanyamuనేవరిధాన్యము, yerra rajanaaluఎర్ర రాజనాలు  

OTTOCHLOA Dandy,(Etymology: In honor of Otto Stapf (1857–1933) Austrian-born English botanist)

Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy,(culm nodes swollen)

PANICUM L.,(Etymology: the ancient Latin name,panis- bread; icum-belonging to. In Roman times the vernacular name of the grass used for making bread

Panicum brevifolium L.,( brevis, short; folium, leaf. Leaf-blades shorter than those of some other species in the genus or relative to the length of the culm)
Panicum fischeri Bor,(In honor of –  Cecil Ernest Claude Fischer (1874–1950) Indian botanist born of Europaean parents.)
Panicum maximum Jacq.,(Culms very long, than other species) 
Panicum miliaceum L.,(resembling Milium (prosomillet)barigalu, varagalu, worgaవరిగలు   
Panicum notatum Retz.,( nota, distinguishing mark;-ata, possessing. Spikelets multi-colored)
Panicum  paludosum Roxb.,(palus, swamp; -osa, abundance. Growing in swampy places)
Panicum psilopodium Trin.,(Greek psilos, bare; podous, foot. Pedicels glabrous) 

Panicum repens L.,(repo, crawl. Rhizome well developed)allapu kommu  vanti gaddi అల్లపు కొమ్ము వంటిగడ్డి  , ladda-gaddiలడ్డ గడ్డి  

Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult., (from Sumatra)shamalu, సామలు, nalla shaamalu,నల్ల సామలు;

Panicum trypheron Schult., (from Greek trypheros, soft or delicate. Loosely tufted annual)

Panicum walense Mez.,(From Walo in Senegal)

PASPALIDIUM Stapf,(Etymology: Paspalum + idium a suffix suggesting a diminutive resemblance) 

Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus,(spikelets turn pale yellow)

Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf, (gemini-twins, spikelets in pairs)
Paspalidium punctatum (Burm.f.) Camus,(punctus, point; lemma gland dotted)

PASPALUM  L.,(Etymology: a Greek name for millet grass)

Paspalum distichum L.,(distichum, in two rows. Leaves distinctly distichous)
Paspalum scorbiculatum L.,  arikelu, ఆరికలు, allu, అల్లు  arige ఆరిగ, asakalu, అసకాలు kiraruga,కిరారుగా  niraaruga,నిరారుగ  nita-ari-gaddi నీటఆరి గడ్డి , paata arige chettu, పాతఆరిగచెట్టు
Paspalum vaginatum Sw.,(Leaf sheaths conspicuous)

PENNISETUM L.C.Rich.,(Etymology:  feathered bristle(refers to plumose bristles)

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.,(grains bluish green)
 sajjaluసజ్జలు,gantelu,గంటెలు peddaganti పెద్ద గంటి ,  sazza   
Pennisetum hohenackeri Hochst. Ex Steud.,(In honor of Rudolf Friedrich Hohenacker (1798–1874) Swiss-born German botanist)
 Pennisetum pedicellatum  Trin.,(some spikelets shortly stalked)
 Pennisetum  polystachyon (L.) Schult.,(plants with many culms or spikes in inflorescence)
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.,(spikelets purplish)
 Pennisetum setosum Schum.,(glumes or lemmas abundantly awned)

PEROTIS Aiton,(Etymology:from Greek peros, mutilated; ous, ear. The lemma is awnless-as per Clifford(2)Through-the-ear,  (the auricled leaf-bases)as per David Glenfield)

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze, nakka peechu,నక్క పీచు  nakka thoka,నక్కతోక గడ్డి  nakkapeechu,
PHALARIS L.-(Etymology: Helmet-ridge,  (Dioscorides’ name,  for a plumelike grass); some derive it as Shining (for the seeds)/ phalaros, coot. The phalaris of the Greeks was a grain enclosed in white scales thereby resembling the white frontal-shield on the head of a coot)

Phalaris minor Retz.,

PHRAGMITES Adanson (Etymology:phragma- hedge, ites-resembling; Reed-of-hedges, Adanson’s name, (Arundo donax is used for hedging in S Europe)

Phragmites karka (Ret­z.) Trin. ex Steud.,(possibly the corruption of an Indian vernacular name referring to its white inflorescence) eela karra,ఈలకర్ర,naagasvaramu, నాగస్వరము,   kikkasagaddi,కిక్కసగడ్డి   kulpa gaddi, కులపగడ్డి  mettantisa,మెట్టన్తిస    peddarelluపెద్ద రెల్లు , puvvugutthigaddi, puvvuguttigaddi పువ్వుగుత్తి గడ్డి 

POGONATHERUM P.Beauv.,(Etymology: pogo-Beard, anther- spine or awn-upper glumes and lemmas hairy/hair like.)

Pogonatherum crinitum(Thunb.)Kunth,(with long hair. Hairy as of leaf-blades or awns invested in long weak hairs)
Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.)Hack.,(resembling Panicum)
POMMEREULLA L.f.(Etymology: In honor of Madame Du-gage née Pommereul, French botanist especially interested in grasses)

Pommereulla cornucopiae L.f.,(cornu, horn; copicus, plenty. The inflorescence is partially included in the upper leaf-sheath)

PSEUDANTHISTIRIA (Hackel) J. D. Hooker,(Etymology: false Anthistiria L.f.)

Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) J. D. Hooker,(heteros, different;klitus, hillside. Species with disjunct distributions)(New record)
Pseudanthistiria umbellata (Hack)Hook,(inflorescence branches umbellate)

PSEUDOPOGONATHERUM Camus,false pogonatherum

Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Bor.)Camus,

PSEUDORAPHIS Griffth,(Etymology: false Raphis)

Pseudoraphis spinescence (R.Br.)Vickery(Aqatic grass)(become thorny/spiny)

PSEUDOSORGHUM Camus(Etymology: false sorghum)

Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) Camus,(Latin- fascis, bundle; -ula, diminutive; -aris, pertaining to. Spikelets or racemes clustered in the inflorescence.)

ROTTBOELLIA L.f.,(Etymology:named in honour of Danish botanist Christen Friis Rottbøll (1727-1797).        

Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton,(Latin -ense, denoting origin.From Cochinchina, now part of Vietnam) konda poonukuకొండపునుకు 

SACCHARUM L.,sugar (Etymology:for the extract from the solid stem), Arabic, soukar

Saccharum officinarum L.,(used medicinally or sold in medical shops)
 cheraku,చెఱకు,rasaalamu,రసాలము,  arukanupula-kranuga, ఆరుకణుపుల క్రానుగ cheraku-gada,చెఱకుగడ, ikshupu,ఇక్షుపు, kaantaaramu,కాంతారము  kanupula-cheruku, కణుపులచెరుకు,  laavucheruku, లావుచెరుకు,  thellacheraaku,తెల్ల చెరుకు  thiyyamranu, తియ్యమ్రాను, vamsakamu, వంశకము   
Saccharum spontaneum L.,(Growing in the wild but closely related to species known in cultivation) rellu gaddi,రెల్లుగడ్డి,kaakicheruku,కాకి చెరుకు, billu gaddi, బిల్లు గడ్డి,  kaaki veduru, కాకి వెదురు,  kaki gaddi,కాకి గడ్డి  koregadi, కోరెగడ్డి  naga saramuనాగ సరము, verricheruku,వెర్రిచెరకు vetticheraku వెట్టి చెరుకు    

SACCIOLEPIS Nash,(Etymology:Bag-like-scaled)

Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase,
Sacciolepis interupta (Willd.) Stapf,(Spikelets or inflorescence branches clustered at intervals along an axis)wolam వొలం  

SEHIMA Forssk (Etymology:From Arabic saehum or sehim vaernacular names for Sehima tschaemoides Forssk.  collected from Yemen)

Sehima nervosum (Rottler) Stapf, 
Sehima  sulcatum (Hack.)Camus,(sulcus-furrow(glumes grooved)

SETARIA P. Beauv.,(Etymology: seta, setae-bristly (most have hairs subtending the spikelets)

Setaria  intermedia Roem. & Schult.,( Having affinities with but distinct from other species)
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.,(from Italy)korraluకొర్రలు, kanguni,కంగుని, nakka-korra, నక్క కొర్ర 
Setaria palmifolia (Koen.)Sapf., (Leaf-blades longitudinally folded like those of certain palm trees)
Setaria  paniculifera (Steud.)Fourn. ex Hemsl., (inflorescence an open panicle)
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., nakka korra నక్క కొర్ర;  
Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv.,(Spikelets in verticels)chigirinta gaddi,చిగిరింతగడ్డి,  chikilinta gaddiచికిలింతగడ్డి  

SORGHUM L.,(Etymology:from the Italian name, sorgho (medieval Latin sorgum)

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench,(having 2 colours) jonnalu,జొన్నలు, pachha jonna, పచ్చ జొన్న,thellajonnalu,తెల్ల జొన్నలు, gidda jonnaగిద్దజొన్న, kondajonnalu, కొండ జొన్నలు  raamudi thalam braalu,రాముడి తలంబ్రాలు,   
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,(From Halab, Arabic for Aleppo, Syria)gaddi jonna గడ్డి జొన్న  
Sorghum nitidum  (Vahl) Pers.,(shining, spikelets or lemmas or leaf-sheaths shiny)

SPINIFEX L.,(Etymology: spina-thorn, facio- make; leafblade apices, involucral bristles spiny)

Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f.) Merr.,(pertaining to sea shore) 
ravanasurudi meesaluరావణాసురుడిమీసాలు, gutti romala gaddi,గుత్తి రోమాలగడ్డి, meesalu మీసాలు,  

SPOROBOLUS R.Br.,(Etymology: sporo-seed, ballo-eject or throw-(At maturity the seeds are squeezed out of the fruits/the seed emerges from a mucilaginous coat)

Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P. Beauv., (florests with 2 stamens)
Sporobolus capillaris Miq.,(inflorescence with filiform branches)
Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.)Kunth, (from Coramandel coast of India)
Sporobolus maderaspatanus Bor,(related to Madras state)
Sporobolus pilifreous (Trin.)Kunth,(pilus, a hair; fero, carry or bear. Hairy in some respect)
Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl)Kunth,(inflorescence a spicate panicle)
Sporobolus tremulus (Willd.)Kunth,(panicles tremble in slightest breeze)
Sporobolus virginicus (L.)Kunth,(from Virginia USA)
Sporobolus wallichi Munro ex Trin,(In honor of Nathanial Wallich (1786–1854) Danish-born physician and sometime superintendent of Calcutta Botanic Gardens)

 THEMEDA Forrsk.,(Etymology: from an Arabic vernacular name, tha emed)

Themeda  arundinacea (Roxb.) Ridl.,(resembling a reed)
 Themeda laxa (Anderss.)Camus,(Inflorescence much branched either as a single panicle
or from branching of the culms.)
Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) O.Ktze., (The four sessile male spikelets form an involucre below the hermaphrodite spikelet)
Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud) Hack.
Themeda triandra Forrsk.,(tri-3, andro-men/male sessile hermaphrodite spikelet surrounded by three male spikelets.)
 Themeda cymbaria Hack.(Seshachalam Hills)(Greek kymbe, boat; -aria, pertaining to. Inflorescence with boat-like spathes)

TETRAPOGON Desf.,(Etymology: four bearded. Spikelets usually with awns on the subtending glumes and two lemmas)

Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.) Chiov.,(culms, inflorescence branches slender)
Tetrapogon villosus Desf.,(The plant in whole or in part covered with long hairs)

THYSANOLAENA Nees,(Etymology: From Greek thysanos, fringe;Fringed-cloak, the upper lemma is fringed or markedly ciliate)

Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda,(leaf blades broad) konda cheepuru gaddi కొండచీపురుగడ్డి   Syn. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O.Ktze., (E.Godavari, VSKP)

TRACHYS Pers.,(Etymology:from Greek rough. Inflorescence branches tipped with recurved spines)

Trachys muricata (L.)Pers., ex Trin.,(Surface rough due to the presence of short hard points such as are present on the surface of Murex (gastropod) or otherwise terminating in a sharp point.)

TRAGUS Heller nom.cons.,(Etymology: tragos-he-goat grass (Dioscorides’ name for the plants they eat; burr grass)

Tragus roxburghii Panigrahi,

TRIPOGON (Etymology: three bearded(the tufts at the base of the lemma veins)

Tripogon  bromoides Roem. & Schult.,(Resembling Bromus, usually with respect to the inflorescence)
Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf,
Tripogon wightii Hook.f ,

TRIPSACUM L.,(Etymology: Tri-three,psakas, small pieces. The spikes break up into (at least)three pieces(disarticulation of the fruiting head)
Tripsacum laxum Nash, (Rare in Araku valley)

UROCHLOA P.Beauv.,(Etymology:Tailed-grass, (the racemose inflorescence)

Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv.,
Urochloa setigera (Retz.) Stapf,(seta, bristle; gero, carry or bear. refers to with hairs or awns on the glumes or lemmas.)
ZEA L.,(Etymology:from the Greek name for another cereal, possibly for spelt to live)

Zea mays L.,(A name of Caribbean origin for Zea mays)mokkajonna, మొక్క జొన్న, jonnapothu,జొన్న పొత్తులు 

ZOYSIA Willd.,(Etymology:for Karl von Zoys (1756–1800), Austrian botanist and collector)

Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.,(resembling Martrella)

XYRIDACEAE C. Agardh, nom. cons.
Rosette plants that often have two-ranked, isobifacial leaves; they can be recognised best by their inflorescences and flowers. The inflorescences normally bear one or more pairs of bracts along the inflorescence stalk; the flowers are borne in heads and have a conspicuous but ephemeral corolla. 

XYRIS L.(Etymology:Greek name, used by Dioscorides for Iris foetidissima;a razor)

Xyris capensis  Thunb.,(In the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa)
 Xyris pauciflora Willd.,(paucus, few; flos, flower. With few florets per spikelet or few spikelets per inflorescence) (Visakha patnam and Chittoor dist)

JUNCACEAEJussieu, nom. cons.

glabrous (Luzula excepted) caespitose herbs; stems solid and rounded; leaves that are also often rounded and have open sheaths, and pentacyclic flowers with a scarious perianth, G shortly stipitate. 

JUNCUS L.,(Etymology: rush like)

Juncus prismatocarpus R.Br., in Araku valley.(achenes prism like)
BROMELIACEAE Jussieu, nom. cons.
 Rosette plants, the leaves always being tough, spirally arranged, lacking a distinct sheath, and often with spiny-toothed margins; the indumentum is scaly (lepidote); and the terminal inflorescence is predominantly bracteate, the bracts sometimes being coloured. The flowers have a calyx and corolla, and the petals, although free, are erect and form a tube. Fruit a septicidal capsule, K persistent; seeds caudate.
ANANAS (Etymology: probably from a Tupi-Guarani (of Brazil)vernacular name, nana, anana, ananas

Ananas comosus (L.)Merr.,(coma, hair of the head; -osa, abundance. –refers to growth of leaves on fruit) Pineapple, అనాసపండు  (cultivated) in Vishaka dist.

Ananas comosus fruit

  

COMMELINALES Dumortier 

For images please visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/140231536@N03/albums/72157666283166652 

COMMELINACEAE Mirbel, nom. Cons

Herbs with rather soft and fleshy leaves with closed sheaths. The inflorescences are helicoid cymes; often subtended by large, leafy bracts; they are quite often leaf-opposed. The flowers usually last for one day only and are frequently blue or pink; when they are monosymmetric they are usually held with the median petal in the abaxial position. The filaments are often conspicuously hairy. (G [2]), septal nectaries 0; fruit a loculicidal capsule, variously thickened; seeds pitted or rugose.

Mycorrhizae absent; 6-hydroxyflavonoids present.

COMMELINA L.,(Etymology:for Caspar (1667–1731) and Johann (1629–98) Commelijn, Dutch botanists) 

Commelina attenuata K.D.Koenig ex Vahl,(narrowed at base, refers to attenuate leaves) 
Commelina benghalensis L.,(from Bengal)vennadevikura,వెన్నదేవి కూర, amruta kaadaఅమృత కాడ, neerukaassuvu, నీరు కసువు, venna veduruవెన్నవెదురు,  yanadra aakuయాండ్రఆకు, 
Commelina caroliniana Walter,( Syn. Commelina hasskarlii C.B.Clarke), 
Commelina clavata C.B.Clarke, (club shaped)
Commelina diffusa Burm.f., (widely speading, refers to habit)
Commelina ensifolia R.Br.,( ensis, sword; folium, leaf. Leaf-blades sword-like)
Commelina erecta L., (with erect inflorescence)
Commelina hirsuta (Wight)Clarke,( hairy. Plant hairy in respect to all or some parts)
(Rare in Kurnool), 
Commelina maculata Edgew.,( macula, spot; -atum, possessing). 
Commelina paludosa Blume,(palus, swamp; -osa, abundance. Growing in swampy places) 
Commelina petersii Hassk.,(in honour of  Professor Wilhelm Peters (1815-1863) of Berlin who collected in Mozambique in the early 19th century.(
Syn. Commelina jacobii C.E.C.Fisch.Commelina persicariifolia Wight ex C.B.Clarke)

CYANOTIS D. Don,(Etymology:Blue-ear (for the petals colour)

Cyanotis arachnoidea C. B. Clarke,(from Greek arachne, web; -oides, resembling. the cottony growth on plants) 
Cyanotis arcotensis Rolla Rao,   
Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don ex Sweet,(flowers arise in leaf axils) 
Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don,  kinimokka,కినిమొక్క, neta kinaనేతకిన 
Cyanotis cucullata (Roth)Kunth, (hood-like, having hood like leaf sheaths)
Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. & Schult.f., (clustered in bundle, refers to inflorescences)
Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult.f.,(with tuberous roots)

FLOSCOPA Lour.,(Etymology: Floribundant, flos-(copia, copiae)

Floscopa scandens Lour.,(climbing, refers to its habit)

Floscopa scandens

MURDANNIA Royle,(Etymology: For Murdan Ali, the keeper of the Saharanpur Botanic Garden herbarium at India.)

Murdannia  dimorpha (Dalz.)Brueckner,(in 2 forms, refers to leaves)
 Murdannia juncoides (Wight)Rao&Kamm.(resemble Juncus)
Murdannia nudiflora (L.)Brenan,(with fully exposed or naked flowers,) 
Murdannia spirata (L.) G.Brückn., (twisted)
Murdannia striatipetala Faden,(having straight lines on petals) 
Murdannia vaginata (L.) G.Brückn.,(having a sheath, refers to leaf sheath)
POLLIA Thunb. (Large, refers to stature and sometimes colonies)
Pollia secundiflora (Bl.)Becker(with the flowers all facing one direction)

RHOPALEPHORA  Hassk.,(Etymology: for bearing uncinate hairs)

Rhopalephora scaberrima (Blume) Faden

TRADESCANTIA L.,(Etymology:for Old John Tradescant (1567–1638), gardener to Charles I, and his son John Tradescant (1608–62), both travellers and collectors (their collection,
Tradescant’s Ark, was the basis of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford)

Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt,(having light green flowers) 
Tradescantia spathacea Sw.,( Syn. Rhoeo discolor (L'Hér.) Hance.

PONTEDERIACEAE Kunth, nom. cons.

Herbs with rather soft and fleshy leaves with closed sheaths. The inflorescences are helicoid cymes; often subtended by large, leafy bracts; they are quite often leaf-opposed. The flowers usually last for one day only and are frequently blue or pink; when they are monosymmetric they are usually held with the median petal in the abaxial position. The filaments are often conspicuously hairy. (G [2]), septal nectaries 0; fruit a loculicidal capsule, variously thickened; seeds pitted or rugose.

Mycorrhizae absent; 6-hydroxyflavonoids present. 

EICHHORNIA Kunth,(Etymology:for J. A. F. Eichhorn (1779–1856) of Prussia (water hyacinth)

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms,(thick stalked, refers to swollen petiole) budaga tamara,బుడగ తామర  gurra pudekka mokaగుఱ్ఱపుడెక్కమొక్క , kappa kaluva కప్ప కలువ  (potential weed) 

MONOCHORIA C. Presl,(Etymology:single membrane)

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl,(having a sheath(the persistent perianth contains the fruit)] neerukaacha, నీరు కాచ  nirokanchaనీరుకాంచ 

ZINGIBERALES Grisebach

Giant herbs; no aerial stem except when flowering; leaf with petiole and blade, midrib +, lateral veins S-shaped , more than a single order, fine transverse venation; inflorescence branches spirally arranged; inflorescence bracts large, persistent; flowers large [>2 cm long], monosymmetric; A5, anthers long [>5 mm long];  G inferior, style long, stigma large, seeds arillate, with germination valves. Members of this group are largely restricted to the tropics.For images please
 visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/140231536@N03/albums/72157666315697111

COSTACEAE Nakai

Plant epiphytic; aerial stem +, branched leaves spiromonostichous, sheath closed; inflorescence dense, spicate-capitate, unbranched, flowers single; floral bracts large, often with abaxial nectarines.Flowers monosymmetric,with large labellum and single stamen, (G [2]), stigma with adaxial projection, fimbriate.
CHEILOCOSTUS- (Etymology: Cheilo-lipped, costus aromatic -used in Pliny for an Indian aromatic plant.)

Cheilocostus speciousus (Koen.) Smith.,(attractive than other species) adavi dumpa,అడవి దుంప  koshtamu కోష్ఠము ,(Medicinal)

MARANTACEAE R. Brown, nom. cons.

Robust herbs, Aerial stem +,  leaf sheath closed; petiole often long, pulvinate at the apex, flowers in mirror image pairs [2-flowered units], of moderate size, median member of the outer whort adaxial; inner whorl T and A develop before outer whorl T and A; C, A and style all basally fused, (outer staminodes 0), one inner staminode hooded, only 1 G fertile, style under tension, becoming curved; ovule 1/carpel, basal. 
MARANTA L.,(Etymology: for Bartolomea Maranti, sixteenth-century Venetian botanist)
Maranta arundinacea L.,(resemble Arundinacea, a reed) pala gunda పాలగుండ    

MUSACEAE Jussieu, nom. cons.
Plants large herbs; cormose; glabrous; buds not axillary; leaves spiral, petiole short, secondary veins depart more or less at right angles from the midrib.Plant monoecious; inflorescence bracts deciduous, flowers ebracteate, monosymmetric flowers, which are at right angles to the main axis; tepals 5, five tepals connate except the adaxial petal, that is deeply concave. staminate flowers: Stamens 6,  median [adaxial] anther of  inner whorl absent. carpellate flowers: staminodes +,  stigma capitate; loculii mucilaginous. Fruit a berry.   
ENSETE Horan-(Etymology:from the Abyssinian vernacular for Musa ensete)

Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman.(bracts glaucous)(Rare in VSKP)
Ensete superbum (superb or attractive)(flower edible)
MUSA L.,(Etymology:for Antonio Musa (63–14 bc), physician to Emperor Augustus; from Egyptian, mauz or mouz (Sanscrit, moka); Musa was a Roman inspirational goddess)
Musa accuminata Colla(fruits edible)

Musa acuminata subsp. burmannica Simmonds (with a long narrow pointed tip)
Musa balbisiana Colla., (for Giovanni Battista Balbis (1765–1831), Professor of Botany at Turin, Italy)aratiఅరటి (fruits edible)

Musa paradisiaca L.,(from Ancient Greek of paradise (may be the taste of ripe fruit) aratiఅరటి  (fruits edible)
Musa rosacea Jacq.,(rose coloured, refers to rose coloured bracts) konda aratiకొండ అరటి   (Rare in E.Godavari), 
RAVENALA

Ravenala madagascarensis Sonn., (from Madagascar)Cultivated as ornamental.

CANNACEAE A. L. Jussieu,

Large herbs, mucilage canals in stem; leaves spiral, petiole short; inflorescence branched; flower large, short-lived, asymmetric ; fertile ½ stamen with petaloid appendage, staminodes 1-4; G muricate, style flattened,  stigma on one edge; capsule glandular-muricate.

CANNA L., (Etymology:Reed, canna, cannae (an uncertain comparison for Indian shot)

Canna indica L., krishnatamara,కృష్ణతామర mettatamaraమెట్టతామర  

CURCUMA L.,(Etymology:the Arabic name, kurkum, kunkuma, for turmeric and its saffron-like colour)

Curcuma amada Roxb.(from the Indian vernacular name for Curcuma amada) Cultivated,
maamidiallam,మామిడల్లం,arukanla kachoram,ఆరు కండ్ల కచోరము, shadgrandikaషడ్గ్రంధిక  (rhizome edible)  

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.,(with fragrance) (Rare in E.Godavari dist,  kasturi-pasupu,కస్తూరి పసుపు, adavi pasupuఅడవిపసుపు,(Medicinal) 
Curcuma decipiens Dalz.,(misleading) (Rare in Godavari), 
Curcuma neilgherensis Wight,(from Neilghere hills of Tamilnadu)  
Curcuma longa L.,(with elongated rhizomes) pasupuపసుపు,haridra హరిద్ర(Medicinal)   
Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham,(false mountain living) adavi pasupuఅడవిపసుపు
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe,(an Indian vernacular name, zedoari, for fruits of Curcuma zedoaria) adavipasuvu,అడవిపసుపు kachoeramu, kachoramకచోరము, kasthooripasupu,కస్తూరి పసుపు, kichhiligaddalu,కిచ్చిలిగడ్డలు (Medicinal)
ZINGIBERACEAE Martinov
Large and often aromatic rhizomatous herbs with two-ranked, ligulate leaves that have open sheaths; inflorescence branched, flowers pedicellate, monosymmetric, with single stamen, filament short, median A of outer whorl 0, lateral staminodes petal-like; fruit fleshy. 

ALPINIA Roxb.,(Etymology:for Prosper Alpino (1553–1617), Italian botanist who introduced coffee and bananas to Europe)
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f)Roscoe(from Malacca islands) (Visakapatnam, Godavari dist.,)
Alpinia galanga (L.) WILLD.,(an Asian vernacular name, galangal (from Arabic, kalanjan), for the ginger-like rhizome of Kaempferia galanga, which has culinary and medicinal uses) dumparaashtrakamu, దుంపరాష్ట్రకము  kachoramu,కచోరము , peddadumparashtrakamu పెద్దదుంపరాష్ట్రకము;(Medicinal)

Alpine galanga

Alpinia chinensis ROSCOE, (from China)sanna dumparashtrakam, సన్నదుంపరాష్ట్రకము;   sannarastramసన్నరాష్ట్రము 

GLOBBA L.(Etymology:from an Amboina Island vernacular name, galoba)

Globba marantina L.,(resemble Maranta)kalinga raashtra,కళింగరాష్ట్ర kondapasupu కొండ పసుపు (Medicinal)
Globba ophioglossa Wight,(snake-tongue refers to inflorescence)sonti సొంటి , 
Globba orixensis ROXB.,( misinterpretation of Japanese name Kokusagi to Orisagi/ ori-mountain + xen-unnatural or strange,ensis- denoting origin-refers to its habitat in plains not in mountains) )dumpa raashtramuదుంపరాష్ట్రము 
Globba racemosa Smith.,(inflorescence a raceme) 

Globba marantina

HEDYCHIUM J. König (Etymology:Sweet-snow,  (some species have fragrant white flowers)

Hedychium coronarium Koen.,(forming  a crown) dumpa raashtramuదుంపరాష్ట్రము, kicciligadda, కిచ్చిలి గడ్డ , vasa vasanthi, వసవాసంతి  
Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe,(with yellow coloured bracts) 
Hedychium spicatum BUCH.-HAM.,(inflorescence a spike)seema kichiligaddalu సీమకిచ్చిలి గడ్డలు  
Kaempferia galanga L., kachuraalu కచూరాలు kasturipasupu,కస్తూరిపసుపు  chandramulamu చంద్రమూలం (Medicinal)

ZINGIBER Miller,(Etymology:the Greek name,  from a Sanskrit name, sringabera, or shrigavera, for the spice, possibly from an Indian or oriental source, inchi (a root), cognate with ginger)

Zingiber officinale Rosc.,(sold in medical shops) allamu,అల్లము ardrakamu, ఆర్ద్రకము mahaushadamuమహౌషధము, sonti,శొంఠి,  sringaberamu,శృంగబేరము  (Medicinal)
Zingiber capitatum Roxb., (with head inflorescence)
Zingiber purpureum Rosc.,(bracts purple coloured)kaaru pasupuకారు పసుపు, 
Zingiber roseum (Roxb.)Rosc.,(bracts rose coloured) bomma kachikiబొమ్మ కచికి ,adavi pasupu,అడవి పసుపు  kaarallamu,కారల్లము koorapasupu, కూర పసుపు, 

HELICONIACEAE Vines

Large herbs with two-ranked leaves and erect or pendulous inflorescences with large, coloured bracts in the axils of which are fascicles of flowers with petal-like tepals; flowers resupinate (not), obliquely monosymmetric, the drupaceous fruit is borne on a stout, elongated pedicel and has a single hard stone per loculus.
HELICONIUM (Etymology:for Mount Helicon, Boetea, Greece, sacred to the Muses of mythology

Heliconium pendula (inflorescence pedulous)Cultivated 

CERATOPHYLLALES Link 

  Aquatic herbs; roots 0; vascular cambium 0;  stomata 0; leaves opposite, lamina margins spiny-toothed; plant monoecious; flowers extra-axillary, alternating with leaves; anthers extrorse, arrangement unclear.G-1 , ovule 1/carpel, endosperm 0, embryo large.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE Gray, nom. cons.

Aquatic plants; leaves whorled, spiny-toothed, often dichotomously-branched; flowers small, sessile; the perianth and connective have spiny teeth; fruit spiny, achenial.
CERATOPHYLLUM L.(Etymology: Horn-leaf,  (the stag’s horn shape of the leaf)

Ceratophyllum demersum L.(submerged, refers to the habitat)

Rare, in unpolluted waters throughout the state.

Ver.name: Hornwort, (Eng.)nasu,నాసు  neeti sambraaniనీటి సాంబ్రాణి 

Ceratophyllum demersum

To be continued........